Aging With A Developmental Disability Social Work Essay

Aging With A Developmental Disability Social Work Essay The life expectancy and age-related medical conditions of adults with Developmental Disabilities are similar to that of the general population unless they have severe levels of cognitive impairment, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, or have multiple disabilities. Some research has indicated that sensory, cognitive, and adaptive skill losses happen earlier for adults with Down syndrome compared to the general population and other adults with intellectual disabilities (Heller, 2011). For adults with Down syndrome, indicators of dementia may often be caused by other conditions that are remediable such as hypo/hyperthyroidism, depression, and sensory impairments (Heller, 2011). The rising numbers of older adults with Developmental Disabilities will intensify the need for services and supports that allow them to maintain functioning and remain living as independently as possible, whether they are living with family or in other residential settings. Examples of such services and supports comp rise of personal care services, assistive technologies, home health care, and other in-home supports (Heller, 2011). Older adults with Developmental Disabilities differ widely in their desire to retire, with many preferring to continue participation in work or vocational activities. Major health issues for adults with Developmental Disabilities living in the community are proper nutrition and sufficient exercise (Heller, 2011). Because adults with Developmental Disabilities are living longer, families have a longer period of care giving responsibility. While there has been an increase in funding for family support programs in the last ten years, these programs represent a small portion of spending for Developmental Disabilities services, and often target families of young children (Heller, 2011). Mindfulness of the growing numbers of individuals with developmental disabilities, who are aging, has directed service providers to focus on the needs of these individuals and the systems capability to assist them suitably. The re-conceptualization of disability from a medical model to a social model significantly affects the service system, the supports required by an individual and the prospects society has for an individual with a disability as he or she ages (Kavarian Long, 2008). Before entrance to a nursing home, a screening must be completed for every person with a developmental disability. Persons with developmental disabilities who are found to be unsuitably placed in a nursing home must be discharged (Kavarian Long, 2008). Unless the individual has a substantial disability such as Down syndrome, cerebral palsy (CP), multiple disabilities, or a severe level of cognitive impairment, the life expectancy and age-related medical conditions of elders with developmental disabili ties are similar to that of the general population (Kavarian Long, 2008). The growth of the service system is grounded in the belief that individuals with developmental disabilities will develop and function optimally if they are included in society and afforded the same skills with the appropriate supports as those without disabilities (Kavarian Long, 2008). A needs-based service system provides customized, particular services, based on the exclusive strengths, needs, and preferences of the older individual, and is the favoured service system for elders with developmental disabilities. Specific health issues are associated with elders with developmental disabilities. However, as seen in the general population, obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) can affect all persons with developmental disabilities (Kavarian Long, 2008). Individuals with an intellectual disability have the equivalent, if not a higher, occurrence of obesity than adults without an intellectual disability (Kavarian Long, 2008). Furthermore, it requires a larger effort on the part of caregivers to support obese individuals with intellectual disabilities, thus placing caregivers at greater risk for health problems such as lower back pain and injuries (Kavarian Long, 2008). Individuals with developmental disabilities living in a community need right of entry to supportive care providers and skilled healthcare clinicians who are well-informed about the person, the disorder of the individual, and the arrangement of services and supports available to them (Kavarian Long, 2008). These practices identify that adults with developmental disabilities are aging and with increasing life expectancies, there will be a need for a larger range of wide-ranging, unified services (Kavarian Long, 2008). Decisions about treatment, admission to care accommodations and personal support services, descriptions of ability to make decisions and the selection of a substitute decision maker are governed by the Health Care Consent Act (OPADD), 2008). The Substitute Decisions Act specifies that the substitute decision-maker for personal care may not be someone who is paid to deliver the individual with health care, residential, social, and training or support services unless the person is a spouse, partner or relative (OPADD, 2008). In the event that the person moving to the long term care home disagrees with the appointment of a substitute decision-maker he/she can go to the Consent and Capacity Board to request a review of his/her capacity to make choices for personal care. In a Power of Attorney for personal care, an individual appoints another person to make personal care decisions on his/her behalf in the event that the individual becomes unable to do so (OPADD, 2008). Power of Attorney for personal care allows the substitute decision-maker(s) to make decisions related to personal care, such as health care, shelter, clothing, nutrition and safety. The person named as Attorney for personal care must not be someone who is paid to provide the individual with health care, residential, social, training or support services unless the person is a spouse, partner or relative (OPADD, 2008). With federal and provincial government support, local health experts should develop community-based health promotion programs that are available and modified to aging persons with developmental disabilities. Also, families providing care to an adult with a developmental disability need improved access to the information and services that can support them in this role. Older adults with developmental disabilities themselves recognized the following features as significant for their social integration (Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2004). The Reena Foundation structured an Ontario-wide conference in March 1999 to address the systemic barriers to gaining access to services by older persons with developmental disabilities and to facilitate partnership between specialists working in the long-term care and developmental disability divisions (OPADD, 2008). With provincial government support, local service agencies should deliver a variety of support services for aging adults with developmental disabilities that include outreach, information, support with activities of daily life such as shopping and banking, modified day programs and assistance in residence planning well in advance of the need for placement (OPADD, 2008). Home care providers should make available respite care and homemaking services to family caregivers of older adults with developmental disabilities. All individual and community service providers and specialists should provide care and services to aging persons with developmental disabilities in a way tha t respects their decisional abilities, their principles and their preferences in order to foster their empowerment (OPADD, 2008). The federal and provincial governments should offer greater safeguards for economically vulnerable older persons with developmental disabilities and their family caregivers. For instance, by increasing disability benefits to persons living at home with family and by permitting refundable tax credits for disability-related expenses (OPADD, 2008). One recent national Canadian survey of developmental disability agencies in Canada puts forward that most remain to have group homes as their main model of residential services, followed by independent apartment living (mainly in Ontario) and then by other residential sites (Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2004). Services for persons with developmental disabilities are delivered in a way that reflects them as full citizens enabled to be treated with respect for their rights and fully incorporated in society. Cooperation between the seniors and the development disability sectors to deliver support to a mounting population of older persons with developmental disabilities is challenging (Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2004). This is because each sector has restricted resources and is disinclined to take on another group of clients. Coordinating service distribution between sectors is difficult and service providers are often deficient i n the knowledge and practice with respect to either seniors or developmental disability (Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2004). All governments should increase the amount and diversity of housing choices for older adults with developmental disabilities and their caregiver parents, predominantly in rural or smaller urban areas. Options should contain supportive housing with access to community services and amenities. Service providers working in seniors and in disability sectors should cooperate to respond in a flexible and coordinated method to the needs of aging persons with developmental disabilities (Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2004). Adult Day Centers are designed to meet the needs of individuals with dementia and to support their strengths, abilities and independence. Why use an adult day center (Alzheimers Association, 2007). One reason to use an adult day center is to give you a break from care giving. While your loved one is at a center, youll have time to rest, run errands or finish other tasks. Adult Day Centers also offer the person with dementia opportunities to be social with others and participate in activities in a safe environment (Alzheimers Association, 2007). Adult Day Centers can vary. To choose the best setting for the individual with dementia, consult a variety of sources to find an appropriate adult day center (Alzheimers Association, 2007). Call your local senior center or area agency on aging, too. Give the day center a chance. Occasional use wont give you an accurate picture of how the center operates (Alzheimers Association, 2007). In addition, giving the person time to adjust to the experi ence of going to the center is beneficial. While some people may resist going to the center at first, they often look forward to the visit after several weeks of attending, meeting people and joining in activities (Alzheimers Association, 2007). At some point the person with Alzheimers may need more care than the center can provide. Center staff and support groups can help evaluate your needs for future care. The aging population including those with disabilities are faced with many issues. These issues include who takes care of them, financial issues which at times lead to financial abuse, and they are also faced with other types of abuse (Valios, 2007). These other types of abuse may be neglect, physical, verbal, and emotional abuse. Many of the individuals in this population do not have families and have lived in an institution or the residential services all their lives. Others lived with families that are aging, and they can no longer provide the required support their loved one. Much of this population do not have children of their own that can assist with any additional support requirements. Therefore, the aging population are often neglected, isolated, and ignored (Lueders, 2002). When individuals aging with a disability are ill, they may have difficulty in getting a service. Because of this, the aging population become vulnerable to many issues like abuse because of their depende ncy on other people for personal care (Lueders, 2002). Additional difficulties may be with communicating, and sometimes they are faced with guilt and shame of being disabled (Valios, 2007). With better and improved health status, many adults with development /intellectual disabilities are living to old age like à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"typicalà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  adults. This population is now out living their parents (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , 2011). Population aging and the deinstitutionalization of persons with developmental disabilities have given to situations where parents in their late adulthood, for example their eighties and seventies are still the primary caregiver of their disabled child in their fifties or sixties (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , 2011). As well, siblings often have an important role in providing functional, living and instrumental support. Sibling relationships are long lasting. According to the survey of National Adult Sibling Study, siblings of adults with disability they have special affection, and are more close to their brothers or sisters with disabilities (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , 2011). Because of long life expectancy due to the developing health system than before , the major concern of adult siblings is who will assist their disabled sibling when the parent are no longer with them, and where they will go. The aged parent sometimes forces the sibling of their child with developmental disabilities, to take over part or the entire care-giving role. Some siblings may be able to accept this role from aging parents; however, the amount of expenses and time they can provide support can be limited (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , 2011). Aging with disabilities and health issues have direct impact on family memberà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ability to be direct care. In several recent studies, parents identified concerns surrounding their own relatives and ability to provide ongoing support to their family m ember. In some studies, several people talked about challenges of preparing themselves and their family members for separation (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , 2011). The family members of aging adult with disabilities are also concerned about secure housing, independency and dependency. This situation is more complicated for some older adult with intellectual and developmental disabilities because overall they are more dependent on their family members as well as agencies staff (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , 2011). Older family members are also looking forward to planning, for when they will be not able to provide the care to their relatives. Because families are the principal caregiver for most people with developmental disabilities, they also share this caregiver role with service providers. As people with developmental disabilities age, the transition period brings required changes in t he care giving and support provided by various family members and agencies (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) , 2011).

A Tale Of Two Cities: Reversal Of Characters :: essays research papers

A Tale of Two Cities: Reversal of Characters When writing a book, most authors are writing about an issue they have. However, other themes become apparent through the course of the piece, either consciously or subconsciously. One such theme is a reversal of characters in A Tale of Two Cities. Individuals and groups of people change dramatically from the outset of the book all the way up to its conclusion. Three of the most obvious changes in character are Sydney Carton, Madame DeFarge, and the French people as a whole. Sydney Carton is first described at Darnay's trial as not paying attention to what's going on, sort of an oaf. He is portrayed as a drunk, and even admits this to Darnay on their "date." However, love, they say, is strong; Carton's love for Lucy changed him greatly though the course of the novel. He stopped drinking when he visited, and even pledged his life to her, and everyone she loved. Carton changed even more dramatically when death on the guillotine was approaching. He waxed philosophical about the future, and even quoted a few scriptures. This is most certainly not the man first seen at the Old Bailey with the sideways wig. Another interesting change took place in the character of Madame Defarge. She is first portrayed as a woman of principle who is helping her husband with the revolution. However, Madame Defarge makes a startling metamorphosis from supporting character to antagonist when she is revealed to be the shadow. She is shown to be cruel and petty, not the compassionate woman one would assume of a leader of a revolution against tyranny. This part of the novel casts a shadow of doubt over the rest of the characters, and one begins to question the validity of all the characters. Finally, the French people themselves start out as downtrodden and miserable victims of a corrupt system. But it is illustrated that they could be just as heartless as their rich counterparts, the aristocrats, when it came down to it. For example, anyone who was an aristocrat, or even associated with aristocrats, was sentenced to death. As the novel went on, the French people grew more heartless, for the executions continued without end. This last reversal in character is the most disturbing, because it holds true in the real world. These examples are but a few of the many in A Tale of Two Cities, and this theme of character reversal one of a myriad of possible interpretations.

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Sport Obermeyer Ltd. To: Wally Obermeyer From: 341 Consulting Group Date: Re: Production Process Problem Sport Obermeyer Ltd has quite a few problems at the moment that stem from a lack of streamlining of its operations. One of the problems that the skiwear manufacturer currently faces is demand uncertainty and how to measure it considering the disparate forecasts the buying committee members have come up with. In addition, the long lead-times for the production process makes forecasting even more difficult. The second issue for Sport Obermeyer is determining how to allocate production between the factories in Hong Kong and China. Conclusion and Recommendation Inaccurate forecasting is a major problem facing Sport Obermeyer, which has been addressed in Appendices A and B. Appendix A shows how much should be produced in Hong Kong given the assumption that there is no limit to the capacity; however, we have been asked to comment only on the initial order quantity, and not the reorder quantity. In keeping with this constraint, and using the forecasts given by all the committee members, we believe that Appendix B is an accurate representation of the amount of each style that should be produced in Hong Kong. It should be noted that this is only a short-term solution to the problem and the model itself must be looked at. For more consistent, accurate forecasts, a weighted average method should be used to give those committee members who have been most accurate in the past more importance, instead of using a simple moving average. As long lead times contribute to the difficulty in forecasting demand, Sport Obermeyer should attempt to reduce lead times for its production. One of the root issues causing the length of lead time is the number of SKUs, as well as the variety of components used in their production. Simplifying the product line would involve stopping production of those products with the least demand, reducing suppliers as well as altering designs so that they share as many of the same components as possible. Using the demand forecast for the 10 women’s parkas in Appendix B, there are three products, which have forecasted demands of less than 357, after which the demand spikes up. By removing the bottommost products, Stephanie, Teri, Isis would be deleted, which would allow for a shorter lead time. Sport Obermeyer should also introduce an integrated computerized system connecting all the different supply chain links. This would help reduce the time spent processing orders and make more efficient use of the raw materials. A combination of actions mentioned above can help make a significant change in the forecasting process and will allow Sport Obermeyer to make full use of its existing capacity. The company plans to source products roughly 50% from China and the other 50% from Hong Kong factories this year is attainable. However, our recommendation is to assign products to Hong Kong and China factories based on quality and design. According to Appendix C, the cost difference when comparing 19 parkas produced at both factories is not significant; but the Hong Kong factory is much more efficient. The products in Hong Kong are of a higher quality, require lower repair rates, and are produced twice as fast as those produced in the Chinese factory. Another advantage to the factory in Hong Kong is the minimum order quantity of 600 units, which provides the management with more flexibility in terms of determining their initial production requests. Lower quality products should be produced in the Chinese factory to take advantage of their low labor costs. Evaluation Criteria The main goal of the recommendations is to streamline Sport Obermeyer’s business processes. One of the most important criteria is the speed of the planning and production cycle. Any alternative that can reduce this time, from its current threshold of approximately two years, should be strongly considered. With regards to market share, Columbia Sportswear is gaining market share by providing lower-priced, higher-volume-per-style products. Sport Obermeyer needs to try and cut costs, and streamline its number of SKUs to achieve market dominance. It positions itself as a middle to high end producer, and the quality level should continue to be taken into consideration when looking to cut costs. Alternatives With regards to the inaccurate forecasts, Obermeyer could analyze the demand for its products based on an advanced showing prior to the one in Vegas and compare it with actual purchases. While this alternative can potentially be implemented, its effectiveness and reliability would be unknown. Simplifying the product lines would have a more direct and immediate impact on the lead times. Another possible alternative would be to start producing the products with the most predictable demand in advance. However, before implementing this change, Sport Obermeyer should focus on making overall accurate demand forecasts based on the newly recommended weighted average method. Implementation. Our implementation process will begin immediately with Wendy Hemphill researching the specifications for an integrated computerized system that match the supply chain structure of the company. Because of the complex nature of such a project, Sport Obermeyer would have to invest in such a project in November 1992, to begin use in February of the year of completion. In January 1993, the Buying Committee should implement the weighted-average forecasting method to analyze product demand. Since this is not a large change form the simple moving average, it should be used to find the forecasted demand for 1993. The following month, the SKUs should be reviewed based on the forecast created to consider which product lines to drop. This will be a gradual process, beginning with the deletion of a minimum number of products. In May 1993, the Buying Committee should allocate different product styles between Hong Kong and China based on quality. This can be seen in Appendix D.

Physical Assault And Boundary Pushing - 1630 Words

As we transition from in sport to into society, the perfect example involves Chad Johnson. In 2013, Johnson appeared in court for â€Å"alleged probation violations and the judge was ordering him to be arrested and jailed with a bond set for $1,000†. While the plea deal was being determined, the judge told Chad to thank his lawyer for the work he done, he decided to slap his butt show his gratitude. The courtroom broke into laughter, and the judge took the act as Johnson thinking this situation was all a joke. This resulted in the plea deal being tossed and him being sentenced to a month in lock down. In addition to the month-long sentence, his probation was extended to late December with twenty-five hours of community service and extra therapy†¦show more content†¦She immediately turned around and started that she wanted the fan escorted out of the concert. This again is an example that the fan thought it was okay to physically assault her and cross the line. The second moral issue is butt-slapping is viewed in our society, as sexual harassment. These actions of harassment come from how the person was raised what was â€Å"right† and what was â€Å"wrong†. The information that they learned growing up, went into what the morals, values, and beliefs were. Our morals come from the actual reasoning process that affects ethical standards in the work place (Lumpkin, Stoll, Beller, 2012). In a work environment, you do not see coworkers going up to another and slapping their butt after they signed a new client. If someone were to do that, it would be an issue with Human Resources (Author, 2015). Jennifer Jewell found that people who do this believe that they exert power over people (Jewell, 2013). This is because most times when people experience sexual harassment, they feel that they cannot report the issue, which results in the harasser having the power over them (Jewell, 2013). In the court cases Madrid v. 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