Thoreau Civil Disobedience Analysis - 963 Words

Overall, Antigone’s choices fit into Thoreau’s philosophy regarding civil disobedience. In Thoreaus work, â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† Thoreau makes points that clearly justify Antigone’s actions. One such case is when Antigone goes to give her brother a proper burial. Another one of these cases occurs when Antigone is put into jail for being honorable. Finally, an example of Thoreau’s idea of civil disobedience is epitomized when Antigone refuses allegiance to a government that she views as unjust. According to Thoreau, Antigone’s actions were just when she went to bury her brother despite Creon decreeing that no can do so. By burying her brother, she refuses to obey an unjust law. Antigone’s entrapment in the tomb fits into Thoreau’s†¦show more content†¦Antigone does just this by giving her brother a burial because she refuses to follow a law that violates her religion and moral code. As said in â€Å"Antigone: Rebel With a Conscience† by Taki Theodoracopulos, â€Å"Antigone was a rebel, someone willing to take a stand against laws they cannot accept.† This supports the fact that Antigone was standing up to a law, that her brother cannot be buried because it violated her moral code, and she was unable to accept breaking her moral code even if she was legally obliged to do so. Antigone’s actions were also supported by Thoreau when she was jailed and put to death for burying her brother. After learning of Antigone’s transgression and being asked by Choragos if he is willing to take Antigone from his son, Creon responds, â€Å"No; Death will do that for me† (Sophocles 214). In doing so, Creon sentences Antigone for imprisonment and eventual death for the crime of giving her brother a proper burial. In â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† Thoreau says, â€Å"Under a government which imprisons unjustly, the true place for a just man is also a prison.† When Thore au says this, he means that because of unjust laws, all those people who are just belong in prison because their just actions are transgressions in the eyes of an unjust government. In â€Å"Antigone: Rebel With a Conscience,† Theodoracopulos claims, â€Å"[Antigone] defies the state and gives [Creon] a token burial† (Theodoracopulos 1). This claim supports that Antigone’sShow MoreRelatedThoreau Civil Disobedience Analysis812 Words   |  4 PagesHenry David Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience† and Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† both present similar ideas, as the latter was inspired by the first. This set of principles and ideas is still in being carried out in our nation today, however it is necessary for more people to adopt this way of thinking. Thoreau explains throughout how an individual must conduct civil disobedience to begin a change that is morally correct. He talks a lot about the government and heavily criticizesRead MoreThoreau On The Duty Of Civil Disobedience Rhetorical Analysis1250 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the duration of the Mexican American war, beginning in 1846, many attempts were made to gather support for the conflict. One citizen, who resided in Connecticut, showed much more drastic distest to this war than many others. Henry David Thoreau took both passive and active efforts to voice his antagonism to the conflict by refusing to pay a tax that he believed supported the ideology behind the war that the United States was partaking in at the time. Later, he contrived an essay that outlinedRead MoreAnalysis Of Civil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau1886 Words   |  8 PagesAfrican slave trade that culminated in the American Civil War, the loss of one of the greatest presidents in U.S. history, Ab raham Lincoln, and, more fittingly for this paper, the emergence of American transcendentalist writers. One writer in particular was Henry David Thoreau, who many historians consider to be the inventor of nonviolent protest as a means of reforming a government. This concept is explained in detail in his piece, Civil Disobedience, where he excellently argues that governments areRead MoreAnalysis Of Civil Disobedience, By Henry David Thoreau713 Words   |  3 PagesHenry David Thoreau, author of â€Å"Civil Disobedience† and Walden, has become one of the most influential authors of all time in the eyes of many. Though some might be led to believe his essays and writings, including â€Å"Where I Lived, and What I lived For†, make him a down to earth and even rugged author, as he spent some of his life in the forest. However, his life in the woods was not one of heavy duty work and he often was supported with objects and material possessions, contrary to what many of hisR ead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Civil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau1219 Words   |  5 Pagesignorant to the problems others faced. In the essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience† by Henry David Thoreau, Thoreau spent a night in jail for refusing to pay his taxes. After his night in jail, the author has a perspective change about the people around him (his â€Å"neighbors†) and the state. Before he went to jail he thought of his neighbors as friends who were civil when it did not cost them anything and he believed they shared common beliefs. But after Thoreau was imprisoned he says â€Å"that they did not greatlyRead MoreHenry David Thoreau Resistance To Civil Disobedience Analysis1508 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the era of the civil disobedience, individuals took stand and fight for their rights. the government took actions that violated the rights of others or took restrictions that angered residence. Resistance to civil government by Henry David Thoreau is an essay w ritten about his opinion on opposing the government that was taking control of people’s rights, motivating his disagreement of slavery and the Mexican-American war. Mahatma Gandhi, a leader who fought for the Indians independent movementRead MoreLessons in Civil Disobedience828 Words   |  4 Pagesto its effectiveness, individualism, and past history of the world that has made immense progress. It is important to notice that if civil disobedience was not effective, then it would not be continually used to disobey the law. In The Role of Civil Disobedience in Democracy† by Kayla Starr, she explains why we have the right to participate in civil disobedience. â€Å"The U.S. Bill of Rights asserts that the authority of a government is derived from the consent of the governed, and whenever any formRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience1013 Words   |  5 PagesIn Henry David Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience†, Thoreau makes the claim that the best form of government is a government that doesn’t govern at all. Thoreau’s paper pushes for the people to begin following the will of their conscience rather than blindly and foolishly follow the unjust idea of â€Å"majority rule†. Throughout the paper Thoreau makes a point of stating that â€Å"majority rule† is simply the will of the upper-class being forced into action o ver the rights and wills of the poorer minority. ThisRead MoreThe Effect Of Transcendentalism : Henry David Thoreau1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Transcendentalism: Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalism is the American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century that was rooted in the pure Romanticism of the English and the German (Goodman). Ralph Waldo Emerson is considered the father of Transcendentalism because his literature is the first to praise the notable spirituality of nature. The basic belief of the movement is to live authentically; being true to oneself (Day). The movement itselfRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Henry David Thoreaus Civil Disobedience984 Words   |  4 PagesHenry David Thoreau (1817–1862) was an introspective who desired only a simple life and wandered the woods of Concord, Massachusetts journaling. How, then, did he influence such political icons as Mohandas Gandhi, Leo Tolstoy, and Martin Luther King Jr.? The answer lies in â€Å"Civil Disobedience† (1849). â€Å"Civil Disobedience† is an analysis of the individual’s relationship to the state and focuses mainly on why men obey laws even when they violate their own conscience. It is not an essay of abstract

Being There by Jerzy Kosinski Essay - 1606 Words

In his novel Being There, Jerzy Kosinski shows how present day culture has strayed away from the ideal society that Plato describes in his allegory of the cave. In his metaphor, Plato describes the different stages of life and education through the use of a cave. In the first level of the cave, Plato describes prisoners who are shackled and facing a blank wall. Behind them is a wall of fire with a partition that various objects are placed and manipulated by another group of people. These shadows are the only action that they ever see. They can only talk to the surrounding prisoners, and watch the puppet show on the wall in front of them. Naturally, the prisoners come to believe that the shadows on the wall in front of them are†¦show more content†¦He knows gardening, and knows it very well. He has his own room in the Old Mans house, and is not permitted to leave, or have any visitors. The only connection to the outside world is his TV that he watches constantly. He cannot read or write, and knows little about the world he lives in. Much like the prisoners in the cave, he is a prisoner in the house, only gaining knowledge from the shadows that moved within his TV. His lack of social skills becomes much more apparent once he leaves the house for the first time. He has no intended destination, and wanders the streets. Once he is hurt by the limousine, he is given an injection to ease his pain. As the doctor fills the needle, he wants to show fear, not because he has had this experience before, but because he visualized all the TV incidents in which he had seen injections being given (Kosinski 33). Just like the prisoners in the cave, he was trying to understand a reality based on pictures in order to react to the world around him. One thing that he has never experienced is any type of a sex life. He found himself in a room with EE, where she made a sexual advance towards him. He thought back to a situation on TV where he could imitate an a ctor in a similar scene. He remembers a close embrace and kissing, but unfortunatelyShow MoreRelatedThe Painted Bird: The Monster that Lives in Us All Essay1194 Words   |  5 PagesJerzy Kosinski reveals the barbaric acts of civilians in times of war, showing how war changes our sheer humanity. Passed from village to village, he tells the tale of a small gypsy boy wandering without parents during World War II. The horrific tales of the people who took him in, paint a cruel picture of civilization. Was Jerzy Kosinski take on humanity realistic or erroneous? In the first couple weeks of World War II, a six-year-old boy from Eastern Europe was sent to a distant village by hisRead MoreThe Painted Bird Analysis1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe Painted Bird, written by Jerzy Kosinski, follows the perspective of a young boy throughout World War II. To keep him protected and to decrease the threat of being taken by Nazi soldiers, his parents send him to another village under the care of an elderly woman. After his foster mother dies, the six year old boy is forced to travel from village to village in search of food and shelter. Along the way he finds temporary homes, with some hosts kinder than others, and is met by brutal peasants suspiciousRead MoreThe Painted Bird By Jerzy Kosinski1816 Words   |  8 PagesPoland, the author of the novel The Painted Bird was known as Jerzy Kosinski who had many celebrated novels. Before searching for a new home and way of life in the United States of America, Kosinski had to live through the treacherous eve nts of World War Two as a young boy who was raised by Jewish parents. At the age of six in 1939, the war had started and Kosinski was sent away to eastern Poland for a good amount of money. Kosinski was left on his own to learn and make choices in the middle ofRead More Kosinskis Being There and the Existential Anti-Hero Essay example3188 Words   |  13 PagesKosinskis Being There and the Existential Anti-Hero      Ã‚   Critics have referred to Kosinskis Being There as his worst novel.   Perhaps, Kosinskis prosaic style is deceptive in its apparent simplicity (especially when contrasted with The Painted Bird).   What Kosinski seeks to do, as Welch D. Everman relates, is to stimulate the readers recreative and imaginative task by offering only the essentials...Kosinskis style draws the reader into the incident by refusing to allow him to remainRead MoreHow to Gain the Most from the Media in Our Lives Essay537 Words   |  3 Pagesbased on experiences in their lives, within each decade a shift in norms, trends and technology is observable. Jerzy Kosinski uses a character that perceives society based on television alone to depict the way media affects an individuals perception and how they interact with society. Television , from its dawn has been an ever changing medium all across the world. In Being There television is a standard form of media, much like today , it is a normal aspect of everyday life. This contrastsRead MoreJerzy Kosinski2593 Words   |  11 PagesJerzy Kosinski Jerzy Kosinski was born in Poland in 1933 to Russian parents who had fled the revolution. He was separated from his family when the Nazis invaded in 1939. For six years he wandered form village to village scorned by East European gypsies who feared his hawk like face and penetrating eyes. He survived German terror by his wits and he was struck dumb from the shock that he underwent from this six-year period of wandering. He was mute from age nine to fourteen.(New Yorker) Read More being there Essay590 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Being There is the story of Chance, a simple gardener turned American media hero. He seems to know nothing but television and gardening. His thoughts and judgments are products of television and his gardening experience. Yet through his simple mild mannered ways he unintentionally becomes the center of America’s business news. The author of Being There, Jerzy Kosinski said â€Å"To read a novel is to practice for real life. Fiction doesn’t change anybody’s life, it merelyRead More Being There - A Bit More Like Chance850 Words   |  4 Pages Being There - A Bit More Like Chance nbsp; While watching the movie Being There, the viewer begins to notice just how different the book and the movie are. While the book appeals more to the readers emotions, the movie gives a comical outlook on the problems faced in both the book and the movie. The contrast between the two places them into separate categories--a touching story about a man trapped in a world of which he knows nothing about and a satirical comedy about the very sameRead MoreThe Painted Bird By Jerzy Kosinski1425 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1965, Jerzy Kosinski wrote his controversial novel â€Å"The Painted Bird†, which tells the story of a young six year old unnamed boy’s journey to survive during the violence and horrors of World War II. Kosinski shows readers how war can change people, as well as how barbaric human beings can act during wartime. During this time the Nazi sentiment was spreading like wildfire throughout central Europe. Hitler took great measures to ensure that Nazi’s r emained in control by using cruelty and violenceRead More Suicide Essay850 Words   |  4 Pageseveryone that have caused their feelings of depression. Sometimes suicide has been used as a form of execution. Perhaps the most famous such case is that of the philosopher Socrates, who was required to drink hemlock to end his life in 399 BC, after being found guilty of corrupting the youth of Athens. In the 20th century the German general Erwin Rommel took poison rather than be executed for his role in a plot to oust Adolf Hitler from office. In some societies suicide has had social ties. In Japan

The Effect Of Fiber On Blood Pressure Readings - 1961 Words

Moreover when looking at the impact of fiber on blood pressure readings, the study was strengthened because of the trial size, the many subgroups, and the randomized placebo control. There were some limitations after looking at the many subgroups taking dietary fiber. None of the trials included dietary effects of potassium and magnesium intake in correlation with fiber intake. Streppel mentions a study by Jee and colleagues showed a small, nonsignificant change in −0.8 mm Hg diastolic (95% CI, –1.9 to 0.4) and BP of −0.6 mm Hg systolic (95% CI, –2.2 to 1.0) after magnesium supplementation (Streppel, 2005). Western countries meet less than the recommended amount of fiber (Streppel, 2005). Further research needs to explore exact biological mechanisms and evaluate different foods that provide more of a clinical significance, and positive impacts on our cardiovascular system. The study on morbidly obese patients looked at a correlation of low caloric intake an d aerobic physical activity (Nordstrand et al., 2012). Aerobic exercises showed stronger clinically positive results. However, as mentioned in previous studies such as the study by Peter and his colleagues, limitations included a lack of randomization, lack of follow up and lack of knowledge of adherence to the guidelines of the study. However, when assessing obese participants in the study by He and his colleagues there was a very strong correlation with weight reduction and blood pressure. Such outcomes may be due toShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Omega-3 Fats1534 Words   |  7 Pagesdiets. All 3 diets provided a similar amount of fat, but their ratio of omega- 6 to omega-3 fats was quite different: Protection Against Heart Disease, Cancer and Diabetes Omega-3 fats are used to produce substances that reduce the formation of blood clots, which can reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke in patients with atherosclerosis or diabetic heart disease. Omega-3 fats are also needed to produce flexible cell membranes. Cell membranes are the cells gatekeepers, allowing in neededRead MoreBlood Of Plasma And Formed Elements1223 Words   |  5 Pages Blood consists of plasma and formed elements. Erythrocytes transport mainly oxygen to all body tissues. Leukocytes protect the body against pathogens by direct attack or by forming antibodies. Platelets play an important role in blood clot formation. The heart is divided into four chambers. It acts as a double pump system. The pulmonary circuit, which provides for gas exchange, is served by the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. The systematic circuit, which supplies blood to allRead MoreThe Cardiovascular System Of The Heart And Blood Vessels1668 Words   |  7 Pages [The purpose of the cardiovascular system is to circulate blood throughout the body. The cardiovascular system transports gasses, nutrients, and wastes. Also, the cardiovascular system protects the body against infection, regulates temperature, and helps maintain fluid balance within the body.] [Cardiovascular disease is a range of disorders of the heart and blood vessels. Examples of CVD are an arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, and congenital heart disease.] [Tobacco use increases the riskRead More Hypertension Essay example607 Words   |  3 Pages Hypertension is the medical term for high blood pressure. A normal blood pressure is 120/80. A blood pressure reading higher or equal to 140/90 is considered abnormally high. Elevated blood pressure means your heart is working harder than normal, putting both your heart and arteries under great strain. High blood pressure is serious business. On average, people with uncontrolled hypertension are:Seven times more likely to have a stroke. Six times more likely to develop congestive heart failureRead MoreHypertension : A Common Disease893 Words   |  4 Pagesis also known as high blood pressure (HBP). It is a common disease which mainly affects people over the age of 60. Hypertension is caused by increased pressure on the arteries. It is measured with a blood pressure cuff. When taking a reading on hypertension, there are two numbers that are used: The top number is called systolic and the bottom number is diastolic. High blood pressure is measured in millimeter of mercury (MmHg). There are four stages of high blood pressure: the normal stage, prehypertensionRead MoreA Short Note On Hypertension And Secondary Hypertension925 Words   |  4 Pageshypertension (High Blood Pressure Frequently Asked Questions , 2015). Another reason why I selected to write my paper on hypertension is I want to know why it is called the silent killer. I also want to know why it affect African Americans the most. Hypertension is defined as a blood pressure reading of 140/90mmHg (millimeters of mercury) or above. Blood pressure is the force blood exerts against your artery walls as it circulates through your body. When the left ventricle contract and expels blood into theRead MorePhysioex 61639 Words   |  7 PagesDanielle Rollins Cardiovascular Physiology Activity 1 1) Explain why the larger waves seen on the oscilloscope represent ventricular contraction. The ventricular contraction is when the blood is sent through the whole body as opposed to the atrial contraction that sends the blood to the heart and lungs. 2) Explain why the amplitude of the wave did not change when you increased the frequency of the stimulation. (Hint: relate your response to the refractory period of the cardiac actionRead MoreFood for Thought Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesbrain. In fact, the brain shrinks and can lose 5-10% of its weight with age. According to the Framington Offspring Cohort Study; smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity can accelerate brain shrinkage. While good diet choices and exercise can slow the effects of aging on the brain. Different vitamins and minerals support cell growth, blood flow, and control inflammation. Nuts are rich in many of these areas. According to the FDA, â€Å"Scientific evidence suggests but does not prove that eatingRead MorePrednisone Case Study712 Words   |  3 Pagesfive years old. Prednisone has the possible side effects of weight gain, behavior change, delayed growth, and high blood pressure (Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center, 2017). The loss of the protein dystrophin causes a weak plasma membrane that is damaged while muscle contractions occur. Also, the loss of the protein dystrophin allows both extracellular calcium influx and the release of endogenous ligands. Due to the calcium influx it causes overactivation of calpain, which could have activatedRead MoreBenefits Of Breakfast For Students1145 Words   |  5 Pagesstudents eat. They are not eating while sleeping. By the time they wake up in the morning, the energy they have is not enough for them to think we ll. Therefore, sitting down to eat the first meal of the day is a good opportunity to restore glucose to the blood and produce new energy for activities during the day. Therefore, skipping breakfast will make students feel tired and irritable (Smith, 2011). In contrast, students can improve their school performance by eating the first meal of the day. According

Finds Mixed Results Care And Satisfaction â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Finds Mixed Results Care And Satisfaction? Answer: Introducation Program evaluation for health care programs holds much importance when it comes to understanding the utility and outcome of these programs against the set objectives. For understanding whether the healthcare program has been able to meet its aim or not, it is pivotal to evaluate the program rigorously against a set of guidelines outlined by a public healthcare body. Through evaluation, concerned stakeholders and policymakers are able to extract information about the program based on which the performance and operation of the same can be judged. Different formats are present that support a wide array of tools and aids to be used for program evaluation. The Realist Evaluation approach was outlined by researchers Pawson and Tilley who proposed the idea of evaluating health care programs by understanding what works for whom in what circumstances and in what respects and how[1]. The present discussion compares the Realist Evaluation approach and the model of evaluation put forward by Mich elle Issel. It is a critical analysis that highlights the similarities and points of difference between the two. The public health concerns at the contemporary era reflect the need of developing health care programs that are tailored for individuals, populations and service delivery systems across the globe. Practical application of healthcare programs would be successful when the evaluation and successive dissemination of findings are stable enough so that based on such data further modifications can be done. The two most debatable evaluation methods at present are the Realist Evaluation model and the model outlined by Michelle Issel. Though both the models are theory-driven evaluation tools, the Realist Evaluation model is set apart as it has explicit and overt philosophical underpinnings unlike the other model being discussed here[2]. The common element between the Realist Evaluation model and the model outlined by Michelle Issel is that both use the well-established program theory as the basis of their evaluation. The theory is a conceptual model that aims to justify how the selected intervention, in the form of a project, program, strategy or policy, contributes to the results produced by the actual or intended impacts. It includes both negative and positive impacts and highlights other factors contributing to impacts[3]. Both the Realist Evaluation model and Michelle Issels model have the objective of assessing whether the program is designed in a manner so that the intended outcomes can be achieved. The theory becomes the backbone of the programs, and it lays out a clear, logical description of the reasons behind the activities leading to results of benefits. Both the evaluation approaches clarify the agreement about how the program being evaluated works and identifies the gaps in the evidence. The first realist evaluation approach was developed by Pawson and Tilley who argued that in order to understand what the actual outcomes of a health program are; the decision makers must identify the effectiveness of the program keeping in mind the population it addresses and the circumstances under which it has been implemented. The main focus of this type of evaluation is to examine what elements of the chosen program have been successful in bringing about the outcomes given the corresponding circumstances and who have been affected by the program[4]. In contrast, the evaluation approach of Issel had been focusing on the sole understanding of whether the program has worked or not. While Pawson and Tilley have attempted to justify the fact that a program might be successful under certain circumstances and not be successful under other, Issel has not considered this aspect of program evaluation in his model. Realist evaluation model keeps into consideration the contexts in which the program might have given different results, assuming that program outcomes are a variable aspect. The aim of Issel, on the other hand, had been only to answer the question of whether the program has worked or not, notwithstanding the fact that a program might give different results under different settings and with different set of population[5]. Scientific realism is the underlying notion of the realist philosophy and argues that an intervention works, or does not work since the actors take up or do not take up certain decisions against the program. The realism model further argues that the reasoning of the actors as a response to the opportunities and resources provided by the selected program leads to the outcomes. The approach of Issel do not consider this concept and undermines the role played by the actors in program outcomes. While realist evaluators identify the generative mechanisms are explaining how the outcomes have been achieved, followers of Issels model do not take this step[6]. As per the realist model, the intervention, that is the program, and the actors are entrenched in the social reality while this reality in the community context exerts an influence on the implementation of the program and the degree to which the actors would respond to it. The context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) configuration is considered as the primary framework for realist analysis. Since the realist evaluation holds up the idea that generative causality is applicable to program effectiveness, the claims made by the realists are modest. Their statements have the underlying principle that a program evaluation can never give rise to findings that are universally applicable. Such notion is not mentioned in the evaluation approach of Issel, whose approach towards generalizability of findings different. From the above discussion, it can be stated that program evaluation is the systematic method used for collection, analysis and interpreting the information from programs that answer questions about the same program related to the efficiency and effectiveness. The evaluation process is a relatively evolving phenomena as novice tools are emerging with more distinct features. The Realist Evaluation approach of Pawson and Tilley, and the model outlined by Issel are both based on the program theory; however, they are distinct from each other. While the former is embedded in philosophical concepts, the latter is not. The prime difference between the realist theory and that of Issel is that the former one specifies the mechanisms generating the outcomes. Understanding the implications of both the models would justify the application of each under different circumstances against the chosen program objectives. Chosen health care program Healthy Start is a well-reputed preventive health education project based in Australia that works with the refugees arriving in the country and aims at increasing health literacy within the community. The program started in the year 2012 by a group of volunteers of comprising of medical students at Hope for Health. The program receives its funding from the Brisbane South Health Network (BSPHN) and runs in collaboration with Multicultural Development Association (MDA) Ltd in Brisbane. MDA Ltd is a chief settlement agency working for new humanitarian refugee arriving in Brisbane[7] The mission of Healthy Start is to engage the refugees settled in Australia in health activities for achieving better health outcomes and equip them with the necessary skills required to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Since the process of taking refugee in Australia is a tiring and traumatic one, refuges suffer poor health outcomes after their struggle for existence. The program helps this population with the adequate information required to take care of their health in the Australian context. The vision is to present the refuges with the chance to secure a healthy future. The aims of the program are multifold. The primary aim is to educate the refugees on health topics such as medications, nutrition, general health, pregnancy, emergency health conditions and adolescent health. The second aim is to encourage efficient and prompt interaction with the healthcare system of Australia. Further, the next aim is to address negative typecasts in relation to service delivery. Lastly, it aims t o permit an environment of interaction between the refuges and the locals. Health knowledge imparted to the population aids in increasing their confidence and morale so that there are no restrictions in accessing health care services or maintaining own health and hygiene. Integration of refuges in the Australian context is of prime importance; hence the program fosters a foundation for efficacious settlement of the population in the country[8] Evaluation report of the healthcare program The evaluation of the Healthy Start program was undertaken in the year 2016 whose elaboration and analysis would be presented in here. The Brisbane South Primary Health Network (BSPHN) thought it significant to conduct a thorough evaluation of the impact of the program in relation to behaviour change and long-term knowledge. The Mater/UQ Centre for Primary Health Care Innovation (MUQCPHCI) at Mater Health Services (MHS) were considered for undertaking this evaluation. Two consultant professionals from G8 and a Coordinator engaged in the evaluation. The Healthy Start Team and MDA Ltd were contacted for gaining insight into the program. Information was given to them by the delivery of two Healthy Start Programs- one each for the Eritrean and Somali community. As the program proceeded, cancellation of the Eritrean group was necessary as a result of date clash with the Orthodox religious day. The evaluation as done only for the Somali group. The purpose of the evaluation of the program was multi-faceted. The first aim was to assess whether the program objectives and goal were achieved. The evaluation also aimed to assess the degree to which the program had contributed towards increasing the health literacy and bringing about behaviour change among the refugee community. After that, the evaluation attempted to document critical factors of success and barriers to implementing the program. Lastly, evaluation was done to come up with an overview of the value of the program to the funding body. The evaluation process considered utilising a Post-Workshop Questionnaire for understanding the immediate learning after the workshops and conducting a six-week Post Workshop phone interview with participants for understanding the influence on behaviour change. The participants of the program were guided on the day on the workshop to fill up the requisite forms. Recommendations and observations were gained by the evaluators about the participants when the workshop ended. The bicultural worker from MUQCPHCI was responsible for conducting a telephonic interview with 9 participants six weeks after the workshop was completed. The measures for the evaluation tool pertained to the health topics included in the workshop. The evaluation concluded that the program had been successful in fostering a positive change among the targeted population. The report indicated that the Healthy Start Program had the potential to be continued in future. It showed benefits for enhanced health literacy level s of refugee communities[9] Assessment of the evaluations relative strengths and weaknesses A strong and rational health care program evaluation is of prime importance when it comes to understanding the effectiveness of the program. It is the evaluation phase that determines whether the program has been apt and helps in outlining the future recommendations for the betterment of such program. Reviewing program evaluation gives the opportunity to identify the gaps in the evaluation process, based on which more stable evaluation process can be determined. While conducting an evaluation, it is pivotal to collect data in an accurate manner and work on them[10]. The aims of a program determine the manner in which the evaluation is to be carried out at its best. The aims of the evaluation are to be so set that the focus is on the assessment of the degree to which the objectives have been met adequately. Secondary aims might be there based on the assessment of the increase of enforcement and acceptability of the program for the stakeholders[11]. The Healthy Start Program had the aim of increasing the health knowledge of the refugees and the changes in health behaviour showcased by them. The evalution focused on assessing the degree to which the program contributed towards increased health literacy and changes in refugee health behaviour. In addition, there were some secondary aims of the evaluation as it assessed the facilitators and barriers for implementation of the program. Program evaluation can be of different forms and appropriateness of these depends on the aims of the program to be evaluated. The common forms are processed evaluation and impact evaluation. Impact evaluation is carried out after the completion of the program , and it aims to assess the extent to which the program has met the ultimate goals. The usefulness of impact evaluation lies in the fact that such evaluation provides empirical evidence for application in funding decisions and policy-making[12]. The Healthy Start Program evaluation had been an impact evaluation with the goal of examining the wider influence of the program on the target population and coming up with a true value of the program to the funding body. Impact evaluation can be done through different study designs, one of which is before-and-after study design. The The Healthy Start Program evaluation considered this before-and-after design that assessed the levels of health literacy and nature of health behaviour befo re and after the program. The before-and-after design offers a substantial amount of evidence about intervention effectiveness than the other non-experimental designs. The design is most suitable for representing the instantaneous influences of programs carried out for short time frame. The study without a control group is simple to be carried out as the only requirements are sampling frame and a team of researchers to collect data[13]. The Healthy Start Program evaluation process emphasises on understanding the changes in health behaviour of the participants and the increment in the level of health knowledge. The evaluation looked at immediate learning following the workshop using a Post-Workshop Questionnaire and longer-term impact on behaviour change with a six-week Post Workshop phone interview with volunteer participants who had attended the workshop. Health literacy is known to incorporate health-related knowledge, motivation, attitudes, behavioural intentions, confidence and personal skills related to lifestyles, along with the knowledge of accession of health care services[14]. Against this concept, the approach of the evaluation of the program can be stated as justified. Another point of strength of the evaluation was the centre that was involved in the process. The centre was well placed for the purpose of the evaluation as it hosted the Greater Brisbane Refugee Health Advisory Group (G8), a group helping the refugee community improve and foster the level of health literacy and assisting them to understand adequately their health needs. Though the Healthy Start Program evaluation has some key strengths, there are certain points of weakness as well embedded in the process. Firstly, the evaluation was done with the help of a questionnaire that had close-ended questions, and there are a number of limitations of such questions. Misinterpretation of a question usually goes unnoticed. Discrepancies between answers of respondents might be blurred. Marking the incorrect response is probable. Further, the questions had to be responded in the form of strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree,strongly disagree. It might have been difficult for the participants to understand the differences between Strongly Agree and Agree and thus all responses received might not have been true to its value. It is confusing for the participants to come up with an answer[15]. The second yet the much significant element of weakness was the fact that only the Somali refugee group was considered for the evaluation and as the Eritrean group could not be included. In order to understand the effectiveness of the program to its true sense, it was important to include to include both the groups in the evaluation process. For generalizability of a study outcome, it is necessary to select a respondent sample from diverse backgrounds and levels.[16] While the Somali respondents indicated a positive impact of the program, the Eritrean respondents might have highlighted some flaws of the Healthy Start Program. Any additional information would have crucial for gaining insights into the impact of the program. From the above discussion it is concluded that though the Healthy Start Program evaluation had certain remarkable points of strengths, the weaknesses of the evaluation process are not to be neglected. For conducting a flawless and impeccable program evaluation, a number of factors are to be adjudged prior to the commencement of the process of evaluation. References Berkman, N., S. Sheridan, and K. Donahue. "Health literacy interventions and outcomes: an updated systematic review. 2011."Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality(2016) Dalkin, Sonia Michelle, et al. "13 What works, for whom and in which circumstances when implementing the namaste advanced dementia care programme in the home setting?." (2017): A351-A352. Duckett, Stephen, and Sharon Willcox.The Australian health care system. No. Ed. 5. Oxford University Press, 2015. Fink, Arlene.Evaluation Fundamentals: Insights into the Outcomes, Effectiveness, and Quality of Health Programs: Insights Into the Outcomes, Effectiveness, and Quality of Health Programs. Sage, 2005. Funderburk, Jennifer S., and Robyn L. Shepardson. "Real-world program evaluation of integrated behavioral health care: Improving scientific rigor."Families, Systems, Health35.2 (2017): 114. Grembowski, David.The practice of health program evaluation. Sage Publications, 2015. Healthy Start. Healthystart.org.au. N.p., 2017. Web. 30 Sept. 2017. Holloway, Immy, and Kathleen Galvin.Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley Sons, 2016. Issel, L. Michele, and Rebecca Wells.Health program planning and evaluation. Jones Bartlett Learning, 2017. Kruk, Margaret E., et al. "Evaluation of a maternal health program in Uganda and Zambia finds mixed results on quality of care and satisfaction."Health Affairs35.3 (2016): 510-519. McKenzie, James F., Brad L. Neiger, and Rosemary Thackeray.Planning, implementing evaluating health promotion programs: A primer. Pearson, 2016. Pawson, R., and N. Tilley. "Realist evaluation. 2004." (2015). Porter, Sam. "Realist evaluation: an immanent critique."Nursing Philosophy16.4 (2015): 239-251. Posavac, Emil.Program evaluation: Methods and case studies. Routledge, 2015. The Healthy Start Program Evaluation Report. 2016. Web. 30 Sept. 2017.